63+ Powerful Bible Verses About Addiction & Recovery

Addiction rarely walks in announcing itself.
It creeps in quietly.

It starts small.
“Just to take the edge off.”
“Just one more scroll.”
“Just this once.”

Then something shifts. What you thought you controlled begins to control you.

That’s why Bible verses about addiction matter so much. Even if Scripture doesn’t use our modern clinical word, it speaks straight to the heart of the struggle. A Bible verse about addiction often uses the language of bondage, slavery, temptation, and divided loyalties. And those themes aren’t abstract. They’re painfully personal when you’re stuck in a cycle you can’t break by willpower alone.

If you’ve ever whispered, “Why can’t I stop?” the Word of God doesn’t shrug at that question. These scriptures about addiction expose what’s happening beneath the habit, but they also lift your eyes to Christ—the One who doesn’t merely tell you to try harder, but comes to set captives free. So whether you’re looking for addiction Bible verses to steady your own heart, or you’re searching for hope on behalf of someone you love, let these passages meet you without shame and lead you toward real freedom.

What Does the Bible Say About Addiction? (Quick Overview)

Addiction is not a modern idea. Scripture may not use the clinical language we use, but it speaks to the patterns, cravings, and bondages that shape addiction. When we talk about addiction in the Bible, we’re talking about anything that starts to master the heart instead of God.

In the Bible, addiction shows up in three major ways:

1. Addiction as Bondage

The Bible describes addiction in the language of slavery—being mastered by something instead of living in the freedom God gives. Paul says, “I will not be mastered by anything” (1 Corinthians 6:12), pointing to the reality that any habit, substance, or behavior that controls us becomes a false master.

2. Addiction as a Heart-Pattern

Scripture shows that addiction is often tied to desires that rule the heart. James teaches that temptation comes when desire “drags and entices” us (James 1:14–15). In biblical language, addiction is when a desire moves from being something we use to something that uses us.

3. Addiction as Idolatry

The Bible repeatedly warns against turning to anything other than God for peace, escape, or comfort. When something becomes our refuge instead of the Lord, it becomes a form of idolatry—a rival god that promises relief but produces bondage (Ezekiel 14:3).

Yet Scripture’s message is not condemnation—it is freedom. The same Bible that names the problem also announces the cure:

• Freedom through Christ (John 8:36)
• Transformation by the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:16–18)
• Renewal of the mind (Romans 12:2)
• Healing in community and confession (James 5:16)
• Grace for the weary (Hebrews 4:16)

In short:

Addiction in the Bible is bondage of the heart—but the gospel reveals a path to freedom, restoration, and real change through Jesus Christ.

Bible Verses About Addiction

Here are 10 powerful Bible verses about addiction:

• 1 Corinthians 10:13: No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to mankind. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it.
• James 4:7: Submit yourselves, then, to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.
• Romans 12:2: Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God’s will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will.
• Philippians 4:13: I can do all this through him who gives me strength.
• 1 Peter 5:10: And the God of all grace, who called you to his eternal glory in Christ, after you have suffered a little while, will himself restore you and make you strong, firm and steadfast.
• Galatians 5:1: It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery.
• 2 Timothy 1:7: For God has not given us a spirit of fear, but of power and of love and of a sound mind.
• Proverbs 20:1: Wine is a mocker and beer a brawler; whoever is led astray by them is not wise.
• 1 Corinthians 6:12: “I have the right to do anything,” you say—but not everything is beneficial. “I have the right to do anything”—but I will not be mastered by anything.
• Titus 2:11-12: For the grace of God has appeared that offers salvation to all people. It teaches us to say “No” to ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright and godly lives in this present age.

Bible Verses for Addiction Recovery

• 1 Corinthians 10:13: “No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to mankind. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it.”
• James 4:7: “Submit yourselves, then, to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.”
• Philippians 4:13: “I can do all this through him who gives me strength.”
• Romans 6:14: “For sin shall no longer be your master, because you are not under the law, but under grace.”
• 2 Corinthians 5:17: “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, the new creation has come: The old has gone, the new is here!”
• Galatians 5:1: “It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery.”
• Isaiah 41:10: “So do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand.”

Bible Verses About Addiction to Alcohol

• Proverbs 20:1: “Wine is a mocker and beer a brawler; whoever is led astray by them is not wise.”
• Ephesians 5:18: “Do not get drunk on wine, which leads to debauchery. Instead, be filled with the Spirit.”
• 1 Corinthians 6:10: “Nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God.”
• Galatians 5:21: “And envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God.”
• Isaiah 5:11: “Woe to those who rise early in the morning to run after their drinks, who stay up late at night till they are inflamed with wine.”
• Proverbs 23:20-21: “Do not join those who drink too much wine or gorge themselves on meat, for drunkards and gluttons become poor, and drowsiness clothes them in rags.”

Bible Verses About Addiction to Drugs

• 1 Corinthians 6:19-20: “Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.”
• Galatians 5:19-21: “The acts of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity and debauchery; idolatry and witchcraft; hatred, discord, jealousy, fits of rage, selfish ambition, dissensions, factions and envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who live like this will not inherit the kingdom of God.”
• 1 Peter 5:8: “Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour.”
• Proverbs 20:1: “Wine is a mocker and beer a brawler; whoever is led astray by them is not wise.”
• Romans 13:14: “Rather, clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not think about how to gratify the desires of the flesh.”

Bible Verses About Addiction to Smoking

• 1 Corinthians 6:19-20: “Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.”
• Romans 12:1: “Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship.”
• 3 John 1:2: “Dear friend, I pray that you may enjoy good health and that all may go well with you, even as your soul is getting along well.”
• 1 Corinthians 10:31: “So whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God.”

Bible Verses About Addiction and Temptation

• 1 Corinthians 10:13: “No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to mankind. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it.”
• James 1:12-15: “Blessed is the one who perseveres under trial because, having stood the test, that person will receive the crown of life that the Lord has promised to those who love him. When tempted, no one should say, ‘God is tempting me.’ For God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does he tempt anyone; but each person is tempted when they are dragged away by their own evil desire and enticed.”
• Matthew 26:41: “Watch and pray so that you will not fall into temptation. The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.”
• Hebrews 4:15-16: “For we do not have a high priest who is unable to empathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are—yet he did not sin. Let us then approach God’s throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need.”
• Romans 6:12-14: “Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body so that you obey its evil desires. Do not offer any part of yourself to sin as an instrument of wickedness, but rather offer yourselves to God as those who have been brought from death to life.”
• 1 Peter 5:8-9: “Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that the family of believers throughout the world is undergoing the same kind of sufferings.”
• Galatians 5:16: “So I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh.”

Bible Verses About Addiction to Food

• Proverbs 23:20-21: “Do not join those who drink too much wine or gorge themselves on meat, for drunkards and gluttons become poor, and drowsiness clothes them in rags.”
• 1 Corinthians 6:12: “‘I have the right to do anything,’ you say—but not everything is beneficial. ‘I have the right to do anything’—but I will not be mastered by anything.”
• Philippians 3:19: “Their destiny is destruction, their god is their stomach, and their glory is in their shame. Their mind is set on earthly things.”
• Proverbs 25:16: “If you find honey, eat just enough—too much of it, and you will vomit.”
• 1 Corinthians 10:31: “So whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God.”

Scriptures for Addiction Deliverance

• John 8:36: “So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed.”
• Romans 6:14: “For sin shall no longer be your master, because you are not under the law, but under grace.”
• 2 Corinthians 5:17: “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, the new creation has come: The old has gone, the new is here!”
• Galatians 5:1: “It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery.”
• Philippians 4:13: “I can do all this through him who gives me strength.”
• James 4:7: “Submit yourselves, then, to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.”
• 1 John 4:4: “You, dear children, are from God and have overcome them, because the one who is in you is greater than the one who is in the world.”

Healing Scriptures for Addiction

• Jeremiah 17:14: “Heal me, Lord, and I will be healed; save me and I will be saved, for you are the one I praise.”
• Psalm 107:19-20: “Then they cried to the Lord in their trouble, and he saved them from their distress. He sent out his word and healed them; he rescued them from the grave.”
• Isaiah 53:5: “But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed.”
• Exodus 15:26: “He said, ‘If you listen carefully to the Lord your God and do what is right in his eyes, if you pay attention to his commands and keep all his decrees, I will not bring on you any of the diseases I brought on the Egyptians, for I am the Lord, who heals you.'”
• James 5:16: “Therefore confess your sins to each other and pray for each other so that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous person is powerful and effective.”
• 1 Peter 2:24: “He himself bore our sins in his body on the cross, so that we might die to sins and live for righteousness; by his wounds you have been healed.”
• Psalm 147:3: “He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds.”

Overcoming Addiction Bible Verses

• Romans 6:6-7: We know that our old self was crucified with him in order that the body of sin might be brought to nothing so that we would no longer be enslaved to sin. For one who has died has been set free from sin.
• Romans 6:18: and, having been set free from sin, have become slaves of righteousness.
• John 8:36: So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed.
• Galatians 5:1: For freedom, Christ has set us free; stand firm therefore, and do not submit again to a yoke of slavery.
• Galatians 5:13: For you were called to freedom, brothers. Only do not use your freedom as an opportunity for the flesh, but through love serve one another.
• 1 Corinthians 10:13: No temptation has overtaken you that is not common to man. God is faithful, and he will not let you be tempted beyond your ability, but with the temptation, he will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it.
• 2 Corinthians 3:17: Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom.
• Galatians 5:22-23: But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things, there is no law.

Scriptures for Addiction Self-Control

• Galatians 5:22-23: But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things, there is no law.
• 2 Peter 1:5-6: For this very reason, make every effort to supplement your faith with virtue, and virtue with knowledge, and knowledge with self-control, and self-control with steadfastness, and steadfastness with godliness.
• Titus 2:11-12: For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation for all people, training us to renounce ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives in the present age.
• Proverbs 25:28: A man without self-control is like a city broken into and left without walls.
• 1 Corinthians 9:25-27: Every athlete exercises self-control in all things. They do it to receive a perishable wreath, but we an imperishable. So I do not run aimlessly; I do not box as one beating the air. But I discipline my body and keep it under control, lest after preaching to others, I myself should be disqualified.
• 1 Peter 4:7: The end of all things is at hand; therefore, be self-controlled and sober-minded for the sake of your prayers.
• Philippians 4:5: Let your reasonableness be known to everyone. The Lord is at hand.
• James 3:2: For we all stumble in many ways. And if anyone does not stumble in what he says, he is a perfect man, able also to bridle his whole body.

Scripture about Addiction: 1 Corinthians 10:13

This is a hopeful scripture about addiction:

“No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to mankind. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it.” (1 Corinthians 10:13, NIV)

This scripture about addiction offers encouragement to those struggling with addictive behaviors. 1 Corinthians 10:13 assures that temptations, including those related to addiction, are not unique to any individual. It emphasizes God’s faithfulness in providing strength to resist temptation and ways to escape it. This scripture about addiction reminds those battling addiction that they are not alone in their struggle and that, with God’s help, they can find the strength to overcome their challenges.

Scripture on Addiction: Romans 6:16

This is a sobering scripture on addiction:

“Don’t you know that when you offer yourselves to someone as obedient slaves, you are slaves of the one you obey—whether you are slaves to sin, which leads to death, or to obedience, which leads to righteousness?” (Romans 6:16, NIV)

This scripture on addiction highlights the enslaving nature of sin, which includes addictive behaviors. Romans 6:16 uses the metaphor of slavery to illustrate how giving in to sin, including addiction, leads to a form of bondage. This scripture on addiction encourages readers to recognize the serious consequences of yielding to addictive behaviors and urges them to choose obedience to God, which leads to righteousness and freedom.

Scripture for Addiction: Galatians 5:1

This is an empowering scripture for addiction:

“It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened again by a yoke of slavery.” (Galatians 5:1, NIV)

This scripture for addiction emphasizes the freedom that Christ offers. Galatians 5:1 encourages those struggling with addiction to embrace the freedom they have in Christ and to resist falling back into patterns of bondage. This scripture for addiction reminds believers that they have been liberated by Christ and urges them to stand firm in this freedom, resisting the temptation to return to addictive behaviors that enslave.

Bible Verse for Addiction: 1 Peter 5:8-9

This is a cautionary Bible verse for addiction:

“Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that the family of believers throughout the world is undergoing the same kind of sufferings.” (1 Peter 5:8-9, NIV)

This Bible verse for addiction warns of the constant danger of temptation. 1 Peter 5:8-9 urges believers to be vigilant and clear-minded, recognizing the threat that addictive behaviors pose. It encourages those struggling with addiction to resist temptation by standing firm in their faith. This Bible verse for addiction also reminds readers that they are not alone in their struggles, as other believers face similar challenges.

Bible Verse for Addiction to Drugs: 1 Corinthians 6:19-20

This is a powerful Bible verse for addiction to drugs:

“Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies.” (1 Corinthians 6:19-20, NIV)

This Bible verse for addiction to drugs emphasizes the sacredness of the human body as a temple of the Holy Spirit. 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 reminds believers that their bodies belong to God and should be treated with respect and care. This Bible verse for addiction to drugs encourages those struggling with substance abuse to recognize the value of their bodies and the importance of honoring God through physical stewardship. It provides a strong motivation for overcoming drug addiction by framing the body as a gift from God that should be protected and honored.

Bible Verse on Addiction: James 4:7

This is a powerful Bible verse on addiction:

“Submit yourselves, then, to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.” (James 4:7, NIV)

This Bible verse on addiction provides a two-step approach to overcoming temptation. James 4:7 emphasizes first submitting to God, acknowledging His authority and seeking His strength. Then, it encourages active resistance against evil influences, including addictive behaviors. This Bible verse on addiction promises that when we resist temptation, relying on God’s power, the source of that temptation will flee. It offers hope that through submission to God and active resistance, victory over addiction is possible.

Bible Verse about Addiction: 2 Peter 2:19

This is a sobering Bible verse about addiction:

“They promise them freedom, while they themselves are slaves of depravity—for ‘people are slaves to whatever has mastered them.'” (2 Peter 2:19, NIV)

This Bible verse about addiction highlights the deceptive nature of sin and its power to enslave. 2 Peter 2:19 warns that what may seem to offer freedom (like addictive substances or behaviors) can actually lead to bondage. This Bible verse about addiction reminds us that whatever controls a person’s life becomes their master, emphasizing the importance of breaking free from addictive patterns that promise pleasure but deliver enslavement.

Bible Verse about Addiction Recovery: Psalm 107:13-14

This is an encouraging Bible verse about addiction recovery:

“Then they cried to the Lord in their trouble, and he saved them from their distress. He brought them out of darkness, the utter darkness, and broke away their chains.” (Psalm 107:13-14, NIV)

This Bible verse about addiction recovery paints a picture of God’s deliverance from oppressive circumstances. Psalm 107:13-14 describes God’s response to those who cry out to Him in their struggles, including the bondage of addiction. This Bible verse about addiction recovery offers hope by portraying God as one who hears prayers, saves from distress, brings light to darkness, and breaks chains of bondage. It encourages those in recovery to turn to God for help and deliverance.

Addiction is a Sin Bible Verse: Romans 6:12

This is a cautionary addiction is a sin Bible verse:

“Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body so that you obey its evil desires.” (Romans 6:12, NIV)

This addiction is a sin Bible verse addresses the spiritual nature of addictive behaviors. Romans 6:12 urges believers not to allow sin to control their bodies or actions. While it doesn’t specifically mention addiction, this verse can be applied to addictive behaviors as a form of sin taking control. This addiction is a sin Bible verse encourages readers to resist giving in to harmful desires and to strive for self-control through God’s power.

Scripture for Deliverance from Addiction: Isaiah 61:1

This is a hopeful scripture for deliverance from addiction:

“The Spirit of the Sovereign Lord is on me, because the Lord has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim freedom for the captives and release from darkness for the prisoners,” (Isaiah 61:1, NIV)

This scripture for deliverance from addiction, while not directly addressing addiction, speaks of God’s power to bring freedom and healing. Isaiah 61:1 describes the mission of the Messiah to proclaim good news, heal broken hearts, and release captives. When applied to addiction, this scripture for deliverance from addiction offers hope that God’s power can break the chains of addictive behaviors, bringing freedom and restoration to those who are bound by their struggles.

Pastoral Perspective: Probing Deeper Into Bible Verses About Addiction

What do these Bible Verses About Addiction teach us?

These Bible Verses about Addiction reveal that:

• Addictions are strongholds that Jesus can set us free from (2 Corinthians 10:3-5, John 8:36).
• Self-control is a fruit of the Spirit, enabling us to overcome addiction (Galatians 5:22-23, Titus 2:11-12).
• God provides strength and help to resist temptation (1 Corinthians 10:13, Philippians 4:13).
• Renewing our minds with scripture is key to breaking addiction (Romans 12:2, Psalm 119:9-11).
• Our bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit to be honored (1 Corinthians 6:19-20).
• Drunkenness and substance abuse are warned against (Proverbs 20:1, 1 Peter 4:3).

Nuances and Subtleties of Scriptures About Addiction

While clear in theme, these Scriptures for Addiction contain important nuances:

• Addictions constitute idolatry by placing substances above God (Ezekiel 14:3, 1 Corinthians 10:14).
• Freedom from addiction is a process requiring perseverance (Proverbs 24:16, Hebrews 12:1).
• Overcoming addiction involves replacing destructive habits with righteous ones (Ephesians 4:22-24).
• Prayer and accountability are crucial in breaking addiction (James 5:16, 1 John 1:9).
• While addiction is bondage to sin, God’s grace offers freedom (Romans 6:14, 2 Corinthians 3:17).
• For some, certain addictive substances may need to be avoided entirely (Proverbs 23:31, 1 Corinthians 6:12).

Practical Steps from Bible Verses for Addiction

Some practical tips include:

• Pray daily for God’s strength to resist temptation (Philippians 4:13, Matthew 26:41).
• Immerse your mind in Scripture to replace wrong thinking (Psalm 119:11, Romans 12:2).
• Pursue accountability with other believers (James 5:16, Hebrews 10:24-25).
• Remove triggers and replace addictive habits with righteous actions (Ephesians 4:22-24).
• Attend recovery groups and counseling focusing on biblical principles (Proverbs 11:14).
• Take it one day at a time relying on God’s grace for freedom (2 Corinthians 12:9-10).

Practical Strategies to Incorporate Bible Verses On Addiction into Daily Life

• Write down key addiction Bible verses on note cards to carry and review daily.
• Memorize and meditate on Bible verses for addiction during times of temptation.
• Share Bible verses about addiction with others struggling and discuss applications.
• Keep a recovery journal reflecting on addiction Bible verses studied and applied.
• Meet weekly with a group focused on biblical insights on addiction.
• Post Bible verses about addiction around the home or office as continual reminders.
• Set phone reminders to pop up with a motivational Bible verse about addiction daily.

The Transformative Force of Bible Verses for Addiction

I’ve seen Bible Verses for Addiction help heal and transform many marriages:

• A man addicted to drugs set free and now leading others to freedom in Christ.
• Women trapped in sexual sin finding purity and identity in Christ with the support of biblical community.
• Teens breaking free from addiction to video games and renewing their minds online instead with verses of truth and hope.
• Marriages healed as spouses together rely on God’s power to defeat addictions destroying their relationship.

I’m continually amazed at the testimonies I hear of God’s transformative grace triumphing over addictions through the power of His living Word!

A Final Word on Bible Verses About Addiction

Addiction tells a cruel story.
It whispers, “This is who you are now. You will always need this. You will always go back.”
But the gospel tells a stronger story: Jesus breaks chains from the inside out.

So don’t hear these Bible verses about addiction as a finger pointing at you in disgust. Hear them as a hand reaching toward you in rescue. The Lord is not shocked by your struggle. He is not repelled by your weakness. He is the Shepherd who walks into the dark valleys where compulsions live, and He brings His light there.

Freedom usually isn’t instant. It’s often layered. A step, then another step. Sometimes a stumble, then a deeper surrender. But every time you bring the battle into the light, every time you refuse isolation, every time you pray instead of hiding, you’re cooperating with grace. Small obediences become holy leverage in the Spirit’s hands.

Keep returning to these verses when cravings roar and shame gets loud. Let Scripture re-write your inner voice. Over time, what once felt unbreakable becomes a testimony. Not to your strength. To His. And the God who began a good work in you will carry it to completion (Philippians 1:6).

More Scholarly Sources (for Further Study)

1. Edward T. Welch, Addictions: A Banquet in the Grave – Finding Hope in the Power of the Gospel (Presbyterian & Reformed, 2001).
2. Gerald G. May, Addiction & Grace: Love and Spirituality in the Healing of Addictions (HarperOne, 1988).
3. John Owen, Of the Mortification of Sin in Believers, in The Works of John Owen, Vol. 6 (Banner of Truth, 1967).
4. Richard J. Foster, Celebration of Discipline: The Path to Spiritual Growth (HarperOne, 1978), especially the chapters on fasting, simplicity, and self-control.